The neurotoxic effect of long-term use of high-dose Pregabalin and the role of alpha tocopherol in amelioration: implication of MAPK signaling with oxidative stress and apoptosis

Pregabalin abuse has become an emerging concern; thus, the current study has been designed to study the neurotoxic hazards of prolonged high-dose of pregabalin (akin to that abused by addicts) and to evaluate the effect of alpha tocopherol as a possible ameliorating agent. The current study evaluated the brain neurotransmitters; dopamine, glutamate, and norepinephrine.

The study also assessed the expression of the apoptosis-related markers Bax, Bcl2, and caspase 3. Western-blotted analysis of the three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), the c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK), the p38 MAPK, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), has also been performed.

The study also evaluated oxidative stress via assessment of the cortical tissue levels of reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde and the activity of superoxide dismutase. Histopathological examination and histomorphometric evaluation of the darkly degenerated cortical neurons have also been performed. Pregabalin in high doses (150 mg/kg/day and 300 mg/kg/day) disrupted the ERK/JNK/p38-MAPK signaling, reversed the bax/bcl2 ratio, and induced oxidative stress.

AURION R-Gent SE-EM

500.044 90 mL Ask for price

AURION R-Gent SE-Intense

500.066 60 mL Ask for price

AURION R-Gent SE-Intense

500.077 500 mL Ask for price

AURION R-Gent SE-LM, replaced see 500.066

500.011 60 mL Ask for price

AURION R-Gent SE-LM, replaced see 500.077

500.022 500 mL Ask for price

LN-319

ABC-TC499S 1 vial Ask for price
Description: Tissue: Brain. Tumorigenic.

AMG-319

204310 10.0mg
EUR 190

(±)-SLV 319

B7689-10 10 mg
EUR 224.8
Description: GPCR/G protein|Cannabinoid Receptor

(±)-SLV 319

B7689-25 25mg
EUR 476
Description: GPCR/G protein|Cannabinoid Receptor

(±)-SLV 319

B7689-5 5 mg
EUR 131.2
Description: GPCR/G protein|Cannabinoid Receptor

(±)-SLV 319

B7689-50 50 mg
EUR 860
Description: GPCR/G protein|Cannabinoid Receptor

AMG-319

MBS130665-100mg 100mg
EUR 1065

AMG-319

MBS130665-500mg 500mg
EUR 2775

(+/-)-SLV 319

MBS133499-INQUIRE INQUIRE Ask for price

LabMol-319

HY-150234 10 mg
EUR 270.57
Description: LabMol-319 is a potent zika virus (ZIKV) NS5 RdRp inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.6 μM. LabMol-319 is an antiviral agent[1].

ACP-319

MBS5779248-INQUIRE INQUIRE Ask for price

ACP-319

T29615-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: ACP-319

ACP-319

T29615-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: ACP-319

ACP-319

T29615-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: ACP-319

ACP-319

T29615-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: ACP-319

ACP-319

T29615-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: ACP-319

MEF2A (Ab-319)

ANTY021040 100ug
EUR 259

FKHR (Ab-319)

ANTY021161 100ug
EUR 259

(S)-SLV 319

C3568-1 1 mg
EUR 88.8
Description: GPCR/G protein|Cannabinoid Receptor

(S)-SLV 319

C3568-10 10 mg
EUR 544
Description: GPCR/G protein|Cannabinoid Receptor

(S)-SLV 319

C3568-5 5 mg
EUR 347.2
Description: GPCR/G protein|Cannabinoid Receptor

(R)-SLV 319

C5122-1 1mg
EUR 92
Description: GPCR/G protein|Cannabinoid Receptor

(R)-SLV 319

C5122-10 10 mg
EUR 524
Description: GPCR/G protein|Cannabinoid Receptor

(R)-SLV 319

C5122-5 5 mg
EUR 348
Description: GPCR/G protein|Cannabinoid Receptor

(R)-SLV 319

C5122-50 50 mg
EUR 1490
Description: CB1 receptor antagonist

LN-319 cells

C0005001 One Frozen vial
EUR 620

IN-KT 319

I627990 100mg
EUR 9200
Description: 1374790-37-0

(R)-SLV 319

HY-121616 5mg
EUR 805.21
Description: (R)-SLV 319 is a potent and selective cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist with a Ki value of 894 nM. (R)-SLV 319 is a dextrorotatory counterpart of SLV 319[1]

LN-319 Cells

LN001 each
EUR 1069.2

(S)-SLV 319

S560015 50mg
EUR 9200
Description: 464213-10-3

(S)-SLV 319

T21914-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: (S)-SLV 319

(S)-SLV 319

T21914-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: (S)-SLV 319

(S)-SLV 319

T21914-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: (S)-SLV 319

(S)-SLV 319

T21914-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: (S)-SLV 319

(S)-SLV 319

T21914-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: (S)-SLV 319

(R)-SLV 319

T22140-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: (R)-SLV 319

(R)-SLV 319

T22140-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: (R)-SLV 319

(R)-SLV 319

T22140-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: (R)-SLV 319

(R)-SLV 319

T22140-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: (R)-SLV 319

(R)-SLV 319

T22140-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: (R)-SLV 319

(S)-SLV 319

TRC-S560015-50MG 50 mg Ask for price

IN-KT 319

TRC-I627990-100MG 100 mg Ask for price

LN-319 Cells

116213 1 Vial Ask for price

LN-319 Cells

116213L 0.5 mg Ask for price

LN-319 Cells

116213R 100 µg Ask for price

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

8B7086 50ug
EUR 368
Description: FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

8B7145 50ug
EUR 368
Description: MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

Influenza HA (307 - 319)

5-01389 4 x 5mg
EUR 294.84
Description: Pro-Lys-Tyr-Val-Lys-Gln-Asn-Thr-Leu-Lys-Leu-Ala-Thr

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

21040 100ul
EUR 319

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

21040-100ul 100ul
EUR 302.4

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

21040-50ul 50ul
EUR 224.4

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

21161 100ul
EUR 319

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

21161-100ul 100ul
EUR 302.4

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

21161-50ul 50ul
EUR 224.4

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

CSB-PA280396- each
EUR 402
Description: A polyclonal antibody against MEF2A (Ab-319). Recognizes MEF2A (Ab-319) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;IHC:1:50-1:100

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

CSB-PA280396-100ul 100ul
EUR 379.2
Description: A polyclonal antibody against MEF2A (Ab-319). Recognizes MEF2A (Ab-319) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, IHC;IHC:1:50-1:100

Zap-70 (Ab-319)

ANTY021173 100ug
EUR 259

ZAP70 (Ab-319) Antibody

CSB-PA181899- each
EUR 402
Description: A polyclonal antibody against ZAP70 (Ab-319). Recognizes ZAP70 (Ab-319) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:1000, IHC:1:50-1:200

ZAP70 (Ab-319) Antibody

CSB-PA181899-100ul 100ul
EUR 379.2
Description: A polyclonal antibody against ZAP70 (Ab-319). Recognizes ZAP70 (Ab-319) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:1000, IHC:1:50-1:200

FOXO1 (Ab-319) Antibody

CSB-PA953422- each
EUR 402
Description: A polyclonal antibody against FOXO1 (Ab-319). Recognizes FOXO1 (Ab-319) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:1000, IHC:1:50-1:200

FOXO1 (Ab-319) Antibody

CSB-PA953422-100ul 100ul
EUR 379.2
Description: A polyclonal antibody against FOXO1 (Ab-319). Recognizes FOXO1 (Ab-319) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:1000, IHC:1:50-1:200

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

E11-7086B 100μg/100μl
EUR 225
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

E11-7145B 100μg/100μl
EUR 225
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

E021040-1 50μg/50μl
EUR 100
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

E021040-2 100μg/100μl
EUR 170
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

E021161-1 50μg/50μl
EUR 100
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

E021161-2 100μg/100μl
EUR 170
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

SFXN1 (319) Mouse mAb

MBS435114-002mL 0.02mL
EUR 270

SFXN1 (319) Mouse mAb

MBS435114-005mL 0.05mL
EUR 415

SFXN1 (319) Mouse mAb

MBS435114-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 660

SFXN1 (319) Mouse mAb

MBS435114-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 2655

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS7130368-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 270

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS7130368-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 1200

Influenza HA (307-319)

MBS5789455-INQUIRE INQUIRE Ask for price

FOXO1 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS7131946-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 270

FOXO1 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS7131946-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 1200

ZAP70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS7131951-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 270

ZAP70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS7131951-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 1200

Influenza HA (307-319)

MBS8246673-10mg 10mg
EUR 600

Influenza HA (307-319)

MBS8246673-1mg 1mg
EUR 235

Influenza HA (307-319)

MBS8246673-5mg 5mg
EUR 430

Influenza HA (307-319)

MBS8246673-5x10mg 5x10mg
EUR 2610

Beta-Amyloid (319-335)

MBS8246183-10mg 10mg
EUR 625

Beta-Amyloid (319-335)

MBS8246183-1mg 1mg
EUR 240

Beta-Amyloid (319-335)

MBS8246183-5mg 5mg
EUR 445

Beta-Amyloid (319-335)

MBS8246183-5x10mg 5x10mg
EUR 2730

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS858928-01mg 0.1mg
EUR 305

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS858928-01mLAF405L 0.1mL(AF405L)
EUR 465

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS858928-01mLAF405S 0.1mL(AF405S)
EUR 465

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS858928-01mLAF610 0.1mL(AF610)
EUR 465

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS858928-01mLAF635 0.1mL(AF635)
EUR 465

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS857715-005mg 0.05mg
EUR 190

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS857715-01mg 0.1mg
EUR 255

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS857715-01mLAF405M 0.1mL(AF405M)
EUR 465

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS857715-01mLAF546 0.1mL(AF546)
EUR 465

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS857715-01mLAF750 0.1mL(AF750)
EUR 465

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS8510197-01mg 0.1mg
EUR 305

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS8510197-01mLAF405L 0.1mL(AF405L)
EUR 465

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS8510197-01mLAF405S 0.1mL(AF405S)
EUR 465

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS8510197-01mLAF610 0.1mL(AF610)
EUR 465

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS8510197-01mLAF635 0.1mL(AF635)
EUR 465

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS856735-005mg 0.05mg
EUR 190

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS856735-01mg 0.1mg
EUR 255

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS856735-01mLAF405M 0.1mL(AF405M)
EUR 465

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS856735-01mLAF546 0.1mL(AF546)
EUR 465

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS856735-01mLAF750 0.1mL(AF750)
EUR 465

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS9412592-005mL 0.05mL
EUR 245

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS9412592-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 305

FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS9412592-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 1230

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS9408672-005mL 0.05mL
EUR 245

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS9408672-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 305

MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS9408672-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 1230

Influenza HA (307-319)

TP1854-10mg 10mg Ask for price
Description: Influenza HA (307-319)

Influenza HA (307-319)

TP1854-1g 1g Ask for price
Description: Influenza HA (307-319)

Influenza HA (307-319)

TP1854-1mg 1mg Ask for price
Description: Influenza HA (307-319)

Influenza HA (307-319)

TP1854-50mg 50mg Ask for price
Description: Influenza HA (307-319)

Influenza HA (307-319)

TP1854-5mg 5mg Ask for price
Description: Influenza HA (307-319)

anti-FOXO1A (Ab-319)

LF-PA20163 100 ul
EUR 400.8
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to FOXO1A

anti-MEF2A (Ab-319)

LF-PA20283 100 ul
EUR 400.8
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to MEF2A

anti-ZAP70 (Ab-319)

LF-PA20528 100 ul
EUR 400.8
Description: Rabbit polyclonal to ZAP70

GPR-99 (319-337) (Human)

001-31 100 μg
EUR 177.12

GPR-8 (319-333) (Human)

001-57 100 μg
EUR 214.92

ZAP-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

8B7255 50ug
EUR 368
Description: ZAP-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

21173 100ul
EUR 319

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

21173-100ul 100ul
EUR 302.4

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

21173-50ul 50ul
EUR 224.4

Polyclonal HSF1 Antibody (aa270-319)

APR07827G 0.05ml
EUR 580.8
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human HSF1 (aa270-319). This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:

Yeast Reductase (aa 1 - 319)

DAG1754 500 ug
EUR 756
Description: Recombinant

Influenza HA (307 319) Peptide

20-abx266401
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 5 mg
  • 10 mg
  • 25 mg

Influenza HA (307 319) Peptide

abx266401-1ml 1 ml
EUR 487.5

Influenza HA (307 319) Peptide

abx266401-200l 200 µl
EUR 337.5

Rabbit anti FKHR (Ab-319)

AP21161 100ul
EUR 307.2

Rabbit anti Zap70 (Ab-319)

AP21173 100ul
EUR 307.2

ZAP-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

E11-7255B 100μg
EUR 225
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

E021173-1 50μg/50μl
EUR 100
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

E021173-2 100μg/100μl
EUR 170
Description: Available in various conjugation types.

Anti-HIV1 Vif Antibody (319)

MBS4160979-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 820

Anti-HIV1 Vif Antibody (319)

MBS4160979-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 3430

Mouse Anti-HIV1 Vif [319]

MBS375252-01mg 0.1mg
EUR 520

Mouse Anti-HIV1 Vif [319]

MBS375252-5x01mg 5x0.1mg
EUR 2125

ZAP-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS858463-01mg 0.1mg
EUR 305

ZAP-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS858463-01mLAF405L 0.1mL(AF405L)
EUR 465

ZAP-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS858463-01mLAF405S 0.1mL(AF405S)
EUR 465

ZAP-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS858463-01mLAF610 0.1mL(AF610)
EUR 465

ZAP-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS858463-01mLAF635 0.1mL(AF635)
EUR 465

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS856963-005mg 0.05mg
EUR 190

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS856963-01mg 0.1mg
EUR 255

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS856963-01mLAF405M 0.1mL(AF405M)
EUR 465

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS856963-01mLAF546 0.1mL(AF546)
EUR 465

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS856963-01mLAF750 0.1mL(AF750)
EUR 465

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS9407499-005mL 0.05mL
EUR 245

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS9407499-01mL 0.1mL
EUR 305

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

MBS9407499-5x01mL 5x0.1mL
EUR 1230

pcDNA3.1(+)-Flag-CTBP11(319-440AA)

PPL00276-2e 366bp
EUR 218
Description: pcDNA3.1(+)

CoV-2 S1 (319-541)

sars-021 2µg
EUR 60
Description: Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 Receptor Binding Domain (319-541 a.a.)

CoV-2 S1 (319-537)

sars-038 2µg
EUR 100
Description: Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 Receptor Binding Domain (319-537 a.a.)

CoV-2 S1 (319-529)

sars-050 2µg
EUR 60
Description: Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 Receptor Binding Domain (319-529 a.a.)

Anti-MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

Y021040 100 µg
EUR 285

Anti-FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

Y021161 100 µg
EUR 285

Influenza HA (307-319) Peptide

PE-53126
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 1 mg
  • 5 mg
  • 10 mg

GPR-41 (292-319) (Rat, Mouse)

001-98 100 μg
EUR 282.96

Anti-Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody

A00754 100ul
EUR 360
Description: Boster Bio Anti-Zap-70 (Ab-319) Antibody (Catalog # A00754). Tested in WB, IHC applications. This antibody reacts with Human, Mouse, Rat.

Zinc Finger Protein 319 (ZNF319) Antibody

abx030177-400l 400 µl
EUR 518.75

Zinc Finger Protein 319 (ZNF319) Antibody

abx030177-400ul 400 ul
EUR 627.6

Zinc Finger Protein 319 (ZNF319) Antibody

abx030177-80l 80 µl
EUR 281.25

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Conjugated Antibody

C21173 100ul
EUR 476.4

CDDO EA, RTA 405, tP 319

MBS130347-100mg 100mg
EUR 1065

CDDO EA, RTA 405, tP 319

MBS130347-500mg 500mg
EUR 2775

OAEC00390-50UG - MEF2A (Ab-319) Antibody

OAEC00390-50UG 50ug
EUR 259

OAEC00506-50UG - FKHR (Ab-319) Antibody

OAEC00506-50UG 50ug
EUR 259

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Conjugated Antibody

MBS9438734-01mLAF350 0.1mL(AF350)
EUR 480

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Conjugated Antibody

MBS9438734-01mLAF405 0.1mL(AF405)
EUR 480

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Conjugated Antibody

MBS9438734-01mLAF488 0.1mL(AF488)
EUR 480

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Conjugated Antibody

MBS9438734-01mLAF555 0.1mL(AF555)
EUR 480

Zap-70 (Ab-319) Conjugated Antibody

MBS9438734-01mLBiotin 0.1mL(Biotin)
EUR 480

CoV-2 S1 (319-541), Fc

sars-029 2µg
EUR 100
Description: Recombinant Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Spike Glycoprotein-S1 Receptor Binding Domain (319-541 a.a.), Fc

It also diminished the release of dopamine, glutamate, and norepinephrine and increased the count of degenerated neurons. Alpha tocopherol treatment significantly attenuated the deleterious effects induced by pregabalin. The role of alpha tocopherol in ameliorating the oxidative stress injury, and apoptosis induced by pregabalin, along with its role in normalizing neurotransmitters, modulating the ERK/JNK/p38-MAPK signaling pathways and improving the histopathological cortical changes, offers alpha tocopherol as a promising adjunctive therapy in patients undergoing prolonged pregabalin therapy as those suffering from prolonged seizures and neuropathies.